History of England

England is the territory most extensive and more filled with the United Kingdom. Lived by Celtic peoples from the 5th century B.C., England was colonized by the Romans between 43 A.D. and beginning of the 5th century. From then there began the invasion of a series of Germanic peoples (anglos, Saxons and jutos) that were expelling the Celts, partially romanized, towards Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and the French Brittany. In the 10th century, after resisting a series of assaults vikingos, England was unified politically. After the ascension of Jacobo VI of Scotland to the throne of England in 1603 and the annexation of Scotland for England in 1707 turns out to be less appropriate to separate the history of England from that of the rest of the United Kingdom.

The European continent has, to the northwest, a set of islands known former as the Bretañas, being the most important Great Britain for his size, which gives name. The island was relatively insignificant in the history of the western civilization. There remain few indications of the language or civilization of the first inhabitants, only megalithic, such monuments as Stonehenge, which date back to the age of the bronze (about 2300 B.C.).

The Celts came to the British Isles towards the 5th century B.C., proceeding from the European continent. The first foreign explorers who reached the archipelago were Greeks proceeding from Massilia (today Marseilles), towards 330 B.C. Before the arrival of the Romans, the totality of the peoples of the British islands they were of Celtic language.


Government and politics

Provided that England is one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom, the political commanding system is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government based on the system Westminster.8 there has no been a Government of England from 1707, when the Record of Union of this year certified the union of England with Scotland, creating the Kingdom of Great Bretaña.9 Before the union, England had his own monarch and his own parliament that they were occupying of his government.Nowadays England is directly governed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, to sorrow that other constituent countries have developed his own ones gobiernos.10 The Chamber of the Common ones, the lower house of the British Parliament, which has his headquarters in the Palace of Westminster, is composed by 532 Members of the Parliament representatives of the different constituencies located in England, of a total of 650.11.

In the general choices of the United Kingdom of 2010 the Conservative party obtained the absolute majority if they tell themselves only 532 positions for England, obtaining 61 benches more than all the other combined parties. Nevertheless, if there add the results of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, the result in England was not sufficient to assure an absolute majority, giving like proved a situation named like hung parliament or parliament colgado.12 This situation forced the Conservatives led by David Cameron, to compromising with the Liberal Democrats to form government and to be able to proclaim Cameron as Prime minister.

After the decentralization of power, in which each of other constituent countries of the United Kingdom - Scotland, Wales and Ireland of the North - has his own parliament or assembly for local matters, there has been a debate on the way of compensating this in England. Originally one raised that several regions of England were possessing an own assembly, but the rejection to this idea in a referendum realized in 2004 in the region North-east of England stopped this reform.

Geography

Climate

England has an oceanic moderate and humid climate, with not very lower temperatures than-5 ° C in winter and not very superior to 32 ° C in summer 13 The coldest months are a January and February, being that the hottest month is a July. The rainfalls are distributed in a uniform way throughout the year, being that the region west is the one that has more precipitaciones.13 Since they began to register the climate, the highest temperature was of 38,5 ° C on August 10, 2003 in Brogdale, 14 whereas the lowest was of-26.1 ° C on January 10, 1982 in Edgmond

Economy

The Bank of England, been founded on 904 for the Scotch banker William Paterson, is the central bank of the United Kingdom. From his foundation it acted as a bank deprived for the Government of England and continued with this role for the Government of the United Kingdom, until it was estatizado in 1946. It has in addition the monowoodpecker in the emission of tickets for England and Wales of the official currency of England and of the whole United Kingdom, the pound sterling, though it does not have this monopoly in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where some banks have right to issue his own tickets.

The industrialization is very high in England, though from the year 1970 there has been a decrease of the traditional heavy industry and of the manufacturing sectors, on the other hand of an increasing emphasis towards the sectors of services. In addition, the tourism has turned into key factor inside the English economy, which attracts million visitors anually. The principal English exports are the pharmacists, the cars, the oil extracted from the English part of the sea of the North as a whole with Wytch Farm, the aeronautical engines and the alcoholic drinks.Another important part of the economy is the agriculture, which in England is intense and highly mechanized, producing 60 % of the food needs with only 2 % of the labor force. Two thirds of the agricultural production are dedicated to the cattle, whereas another third is dedicated to the culture.


Demography

With more than 51 million inhabitants according to the census (statistics) of 2001, England is the constitutive country most filled with the United Kingdom, assessing 84 % of the total population. These numbers would turn to England into 25 ° country more populated in the world, if out a sovereign condition, as well as also into the fourth country for population of the European Union. In turn, with a density of 395 persons for square kilometre he would be the second estate denser settlement of the European Union after Malta.


Languages

As his name suggests, the Englishman, language spoken by million persons in the world, it originated as the language of England, where it is kept as the most predominant spoken language of the world.


Arts

The first known examples are the prehistoric rocks and pieces of cave art. Most emphasized in the north of Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also another characteristic in the southern part, for example, in Creswell Crags. With the arrival of the Roman culture in the 1st century, you change of the forms of art that use statues, busts, glass and mosaics were the norm. There are numerously appliances, as the Lullingstone and Aldborough. During the High Middle Ages, the style was esculpida crossings and ivories, manuscripts painting, gold and enamel jewels, which demonstrates the love to the complex one, interlaced designs as in the exchequer discovered in Staffordshire 2009.Some of these mixed styles Gael and Anglian, such as Lindisfarne's Gospels and the Psalter Vespasiano. Later, the Gothic art was popular in Winchester and Canterbury, examples to survive as Benedictional de San Æthelwold and Psalter Luttrell. The age Tudor saw prominent artists as part of his court, I portray painting that would continue being a lasting part of the Englishman's condition, one has seen stimulated by the German Hans Holbein, native such as Nicholas Hilliard constructed on this. Under the Estuardo, the artists Continental were influential specially the Flemings, the examples of the epoch of incorporation / Anthony van Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller y William Dobson.The 18th century was an epoch of importance with the foundation of the Royal Academy, a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevaleció:Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds and turned in both most valued Artists of England. Norwich's School continues the landscape tradition, whereas the Brotherhood Prerrafaelita with his alive ones and style detailed re-lived through the renaissance of style Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais they are outlined. During the 20th century, Henry Moore, was considered to be the voice of the Britisher of the sculpture and of the British modernity in general. The contemporary painters include Lucian Freud, whose work: Benefits Supervisor Sleeping in 2008 established a world record for the value of sale of a painting of an alive artist.

The literature, the poetry and the philosophy

Geoffrey Chaucer was an author Inglés, poet and philosopher better remembered by his body without the narrative finished Stories of Canterbury. The first authors wrote in Latin as Beda and Alcuino. The period of the old English literature always Epic Beowulf was endorsed for, the secular prose of the Anglo-Saxon is the Chronicle, together with the Christian writings: Judith, Caedmon's Anthem and hagiografías holy. After the Norman conquest, America continued between the polite classes, as well as an Anglo-Norman literature. The English literature arose with Geoffrey Chaucer, author of ' The stories of Canterbury ', together with Gower, the Poet Pearl and Langland.The Franciscans, Guillermo de Ockham and Roger Bacon were the principal philosophers of the Middle Ages and other ages. Juliana de Norwich it was with his Revelations of the Divine one. The love was a Christian prominent mystic. During the Renaissance epoch, William Shakespeare was the great exponent (and at present it it continues being) with works like Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and The Dream of Summer Una Noche, he continues being one of the authors most defended in the English literature. Marlowe, Spenser, Sydney, Kyd, Donne, Jonson are other consecrated authors of the Elizabethan epoch.Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote in the Empiricism and the Materialism, included the scientific and social method of contract. Filmer wrote on the divine right of the kings. Marvell was the best poet known about the Community, whereas John Milton author of ' The lost paradise ' it was during the Restoration.

Some of the philosophers most distinguished from the Illustration were Locke, Paine, Johnson and Benthem. The most radical elements were offset later by Edmund Burke, who is considered to be the founder of the conservatism. The poet Alexander Pope, with his satirical verses, managed to be considered well. The performance Englishman is a significant paper in the romanticism;Coleridge, Byron, Keats, Shelley M, PB Shelley, Blake and Wordsworth were important figures. In response to the Industrial Revolution, the writers seemed to find a way between the freedom and the tradition; Cobbett, Chesterton and Belloc were the principal exponents and Penty of Cole's cooperative defending movement. The Empiricism continued across Mill and Russell, whereas Williams was involved in the analysis. The authors of the epoch of the age vVictoriana include Dickens, the Sisters Brontë, Austen, Eliot, Kipling, Hardy, HG Wells, Carroll and Underhill. Since then England continued producing novelists like CS Lewis, Orwell, DH Lawrence, Woolf, Blyton, Huxley, Christie, Pratchett, J. R. R. Tolkien, and J. K. Rowling.

Sport

England possesses one great sports tradition, and during the 19th century it was the cradle of several sports that nowadays are played about the world. Between the sports originated in England they tell themselves the football, 18 the críquet, the rugby, the tennis, the badminton, the hockey, the boxing, between different many. Worldwide, England possesses a representation independent from the rest of the United Kingdom in the majority of the team sports, for what it takes participation in events as the World one of Football and the World one of Rugby, as well as also in the Games of the Union.Nevertheless, in the Olympic Games the United Kingdom takes part as the only equipment represented by the Olympian Committee of the United Kingdom.

The most popular sport in England is the football. The representative native, the selection of football of England, gained the World Cup of Football of 1966, which was celebrated in the own England. The Association of Football of England is the most ancient in his type and the FA Cup and the Football League they are the most ancient competitions of glass and of it goes well together respectively. Also one finds the most ancient club of the world, the Sheffield F.C. that was founded in 1857.18 The maximum category of the football Englishman, the Premier League, is the league of football with major hearing in the world, as well as also the most lucrative;The equipments with more titles are the Manchester United with 19 glasses, followed by the Liverpool with 18 and, very resagadamente the Native with 13 trophies. The English equipments have obtained good actions in the European competitions and the European Cup has been gained by the Liverpool, Manchester United, Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa and Chelsea whereas the Arsenal and Leeds United have reached the final.

One affirms that the críquet began his development in the medieval period between the metallurgical and agricultural communities of the Weald. The members of the English selection are of Welsh and English nationality, unlike the selections of other sports that only english men enter, and one of his major rivalries is with the selection of Australia with the one that anually disputes a meeting named as The Ashes. England has organized Críquet's World Cup in four occasions and locally diverse championships are disputed as the County Championship.
As for the rugby, the English selection there was crowned champion of the World Cup of Rugby of 2003, the same tilt that it organized in 1991 and that it will shelter in his edition of 2015. In turn, the selection plays anually in the Tilt of Six Nations. To level of clubs, being the maximum national category the Premiership Inglesa, the equipments Leicester Tigers, London Wasps, Bath Rugby and Northampton Saints have obtained the Heineken Cup, maximum European competition of the sport.

 

A variant of the rugby, the rugby league or rugby 13, originated in Huddersfield in 1885, is played in quite England, but in some zones of the north it is the most important sport in many areas, especially in Yorkshire, Cumbria and Lancashire. Previously one existed only I equip representative of the United Kingdom in international competitions, but from 2008 every nation relies on his own selection of rugby league, between them that of England, that it will take part in the World Cup of Rugby League of 2013. The clubs of this sport play in the Super League, the major European competition of rugby league.

Other popular sports include the tennis, being Wimbledon's Championship the most ancient tilt and one of four Grand Slam, and the careers of horses. In addition, anually in Silverstone's Circuit a Great valid Prize carries out for the Formula 1. The Olympics of this 2012 were celebrated in London, England from July 27 to August 12, 2012.